热门资讯
春天来了，用Arduino NANO＋LED灯来体验一次“放生萤火虫”吧
来源：3XMaker 发布时间：2019年03月26日用Arduino NANO＋LED灯来体验一次“放生萤火虫”吧
1 引言
笔者的出生和成长都在农村，依稀记得小的时候捉萤火虫的事儿。每当夏季，小伙伴们都可以在草丛里捉到很多的萤火虫，把它们放在玻璃罐里，黄绿色的光很是好看，如图所示。为了读大学来到城市，毕业之后便在城市定居，却发现很少有机会能够看到萤火虫，很难再有小时候的乐趣了。想必很多的读者也都怀念小时候捉萤火虫的乐趣，下面教大家如何使用Arduino来制作一个电子萤火虫，重新找回儿时的快乐。
本文采用Arduino NANO控制器、LED灯来实现仿生萤火虫，Arduino控制器控制4个翠绿色的LED灯以亮灭随机、亮度随机、顺序随机、时间随机的模式来模仿自然界中萤火虫的习性。
2 原理及材料
仿生萤火虫的系统原理图如图所示，4个翠绿色的LED灯的正极依次连接至Arduino NANO控制器的数字端口D3、D5、D6、D9上，因为Arduino NANO控制器的只有数字端口3、5、 6、9、10和11具有PWM输出功能，可以实现LED灯亮度的调节；4个LED灯的负极通过排针连接至Arduino NANO控制器的GND引脚上；另外，通过4个AA电池或者2个CR2032纽扣电池为Arduino NANO控制器及4个LED灯提供工作电压。 需要注意的是，在实际制作中使用的是翠绿色的LED灯，而不是图2所示的红色LED灯，因为萤火虫的翠绿色的灯光更加逼真。
仿生萤火虫Arduino原理图
图3列出了制作仿生萤火虫所需要的材料及数量，按需备齐即可开始下面的制作。
仿生萤火虫材料清单
3 手工制作
第一步：将杜邦线从中间剪断并剥线，把LED灯的负极（短引脚）引脚剪去一部分，将热缩管剪成7mm～10mm的小段，如图4所示。
第二步：将小段的热缩管套进剥好的杜邦线，每一根杜邦线上套一个热缩管段，如图所示。
前期准备
将热缩管套进杜邦线上
第三步：使用电烙铁或焊台将黑色杜邦线与LED灯的负极焊接在一起，【注意：在焊接时不要使用过多的焊锡】；将排针上面用焊锡连接起来并焊接至蓝色的杜邦线，如图6所示。
第四步：使用尖嘴钳将LED灯的正极引脚剪去，并使用电烙铁或焊台焊接至红色的杜邦线，如图所示。
焊接好LED灯负极与黑色杜邦线及负极排线
焊接好LED灯正极与红色杜邦线
第五步：将热风枪的温度调至150℃左右，风量调节至较小风量。将热缩管移至LED引脚与杜邦线的焊接处，并使用热风枪加热热缩管，使热缩管收缩，包住焊接处，如图8所示。经过热风枪加工之后的LED灯，如图所示。
使用热风枪加热热缩管
制作完毕的LED灯
制作好的LED灯与其他材料
第六步：使用电烙铁或焊台将纽扣电池盒的正极（红线）与负极（黑线）焊接至Arduino NANO控制器的5V和GND引脚，如图所示。
第七步：将制作好的LED灯的负极（黑线）连接至含有蓝色杜邦线的排针上，蓝色杜邦线接至Arduino NANO控制器的GND引脚，将LED灯的正极（红线）依次接至Arduino NANO控制器的数字端口D3、D5、D6、D9引脚上，如图所示。
将电池盒焊接至Arduino NANO控制器
将LED灯连接至Arduino NANO控制器
4 Arduino程序设计
4 .1 数目随机和随机顺序
首先，通过随机数以获得点亮LED灯的数目，然后再通过随机数以获取LED灯点亮的顺序，并且通过随机数来获得点亮的时间。程序代码如下所示。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 | int randNumber; int delaytime;
void setup() { pinMode(3, OUTPUT); pinMode(5, OUTPUT); pinMode(6, OUTPUT); pinMode(9, OUTPUT); Serial.begin(9600); randomSeed(analogRead(0)); } void delay_time(void){ delaytime = random(1,5); switch(delaytime){ case 1:delay(800); break; case 2:delay(900); break; case 3:delay(1000); break; case 4:delay(1100); break; } }
void RandLED_2(void) { randNumber = random(1,5); Serial.println(randNumber); switch(randNumber) { case 1: analogWrite(3, 255); analogWrite(5, 255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(3, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); break; case 2: analogWrite(6, 255); analogWrite(9, 255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(9, LOW); break; case 3: analogWrite(3, 255); analogWrite(9, 255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(3, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(9, LOW); break; case 4: analogWrite(5, 255); analogWrite(9, 255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(9, LOW); break; case 5: analogWrite(3, 255); analogWrite(6, 255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(3, LOW); break; case 6: analogWrite(5, 255); analogWrite(6, 255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); break; } } void RandLED_3(void) { randNumber = random(1,5); Serial.println(randNumber); switch(randNumber) { case 1: analogWrite(5,255); analogWrite(6,255); analogWrite(9,255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(9, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); break; case 2: analogWrite(6,255); analogWrite(3,255); analogWrite(9,255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(9, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(3, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); break; case 3: analogWrite(5,255); analogWrite(3,255); analogWrite(9,255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(9, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(3, LOW); break; case 4: analogWrite(5,255); analogWrite(6,255); analogWrite(3,255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(3, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); break; } } void RandLED_4(void) { randNumber = random(1,5); Serial.println(randNumber); switch(randNumber) { case 1: analogWrite(3,255); analogWrite(5,255); analogWrite(6,255); analogWrite(9,255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(3, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(9, LOW); break; case 2: analogWrite(3,255); analogWrite(5,255); analogWrite(6,255); analogWrite(9,255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(3, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(9, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); break; case 3: analogWrite(3,255); analogWrite(5,255); analogWrite(6,255); analogWrite(9,255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(9, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(3, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); break; case 4: analogWrite(3,255); analogWrite(5,255); analogWrite(6,255); analogWrite(9,255); delay_time(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(9, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(3, LOW); delay_time(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); break; } }
void loop() { randNumber = random(1,4); switch(randNumber){ case 1:RandLED_2(); break; case 2:RandLED_3(); break; case 3:RandLED_4(); break; } } |
4 .2 添加随机亮度和优化点亮时间
首先，通过随机数以获得点亮LED灯的数目，然后再通过随机数以获取LED灯的亮度值，将LED灯全部点亮，然后通过随机数来获得点亮的时间按照顺序来依次熄灭LED灯。程序代码如下所示。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 | int randNumber; int pwm,delaytime;
void setup() { pinMode(5, OUTPUT); pinMode(6, OUTPUT); pinMode(10, OUTPUT); pinMode(11, OUTPUT); Serial.begin(9600); randomSeed(analogRead(0)); } void delay_time_2(void){ delaytime = random(1,5); switch(delaytime){ case 1:delay(1000); break; case 2:delay(1250); break; case 3:delay(1500); break; case 4:delay(1250); break; } }
void delay_time_3(void){ delaytime = random(1,5); switch(delaytime){ case 1:delay(1000); break; case 2:delay(1250); break; case 3:delay(1500); break; case 4:delay(1000); break; } }
void delay_time_4(void){ delaytime = random(1,5); switch(delaytime){ case 1:delay(800); break; case 2:delay(1000); break; case 3:delay(900); break; case 4:delay(700); break; } }
int pwm_value(void){ int pwmvalue; pwmvalue = random(1,5); switch(pwmvalue){ case 1: return 255 ; break; case 2: return 180; break; case 3: return 110; break; case 4: return 40; break; } } void RandLED_2(void) { randNumber = random(1,5); Serial.println(randNumber); switch(randNumber) { case 1: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(5, pwm); analogWrite(6, pwm); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); break; case 2: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(5, pwm); analogWrite(10, pwm); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(10, LOW); break; case 3: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(5, pwm); analogWrite(11, pwm); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(11, LOW); break; case 4: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(6, pwm); analogWrite(10, pwm); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(10, LOW); break; case 5: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(6, pwm); analogWrite(11, pwm); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(11, LOW); break; case 6: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(10, pwm); analogWrite(11, pwm); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time_2(); digitalWrite(11, LOW); break; } } void RandLED_3(void) { randNumber = random(1,5); Serial.println(randNumber); switch(randNumber) { case 1: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(5, pwm); analogWrite(6, pwm); analogWrite(10, pwm); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(10, LOW); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); break; case 2: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(6, pwm); analogWrite(10, pwm); analogWrite(11, pwm); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(10, LOW); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(11, LOW); break; case 3: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(5, pwm); analogWrite(10, pwm); analogWrite(11, pwm); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(10, LOW); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(11, LOW); break; case 4: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(5, pwm); analogWrite(6, pwm); analogWrite(11, pwm); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time_3(); digitalWrite(11, LOW); break; } } void RandLED_4(void) { randNumber = random(1,5); Serial.println(randNumber); switch(randNumber) { case 1: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(5, pwm); analogWrite(6, pwm); analogWrite(10, pwm); analogWrite(11, pwm); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(10, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(11, LOW); break; case 2: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(5, pwm); analogWrite(6, pwm); analogWrite(10, pwm); analogWrite(11, pwm); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(10, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(11, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); break; case 3: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(5, pwm); analogWrite(6, pwm); analogWrite(10, pwm); analogWrite(11, pwm); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(11, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(10, LOW); break; case 4: pwm=pwm_value(); analogWrite(5, pwm); analogWrite(6, pwm); analogWrite(10, pwm); analogWrite(11, pwm); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(11, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(10, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(6, LOW); delay_time_4(); digitalWrite(5, LOW); break; } }
void loop() { randNumber = random(1,4); Serial.println(randNumber); switch(randNumber){ case 1:RandLED_2(); break; case 2:RandLED_3(); break; case 3:RandLED_4(); break;
}
} |
5 总结
为了更好的仿真萤火虫的发光习性，可以将所有可能发光的情况都列举出来，并通过随机数来筛选本次执行的情况。另外，通过选择Microduino替代Arduino NANO控制器，可以将控制器及电池盒放置于瓶盖下面，这会更加美观。还可以在瓶子内放置一些绿色的丝带，以模仿野外草丛的情况。最后，还可以选用可充电锂电池，并使用太阳能电池来为锂电池充电，这样一来，白天晒晒太阳，晚上就可以享受萤火虫的夜晚，环保健康。
